[立足单元内容提升写作能力] 写作能力

立足单元内容提升写作能力

立足单元内容提升写作能力 《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》在课程目标中提 出,高中英语课程应强调在进一步发展学生综合语言运用能 力的基础上,着重提高学生用英语获取信息、处理信息、分 析问题和解决问题的能力,并提高学生用英语进行思维和表 达的能力[1]。然而,在进入高三后,很多教师都会困惑于 如何把新课程理念同高三的复习结合起来。首先,由于高三 复习任务重、时间紧,使得很多教师在复习中不停赶进度, 课堂出现满堂灌现象。其次,在频繁的考试影响下,很多教 师把应试能力和实际语言运用能力当作两个对立面。为求短 期的分数,本末倒置,削弱了对语言实际运用能力的操练。

再则,不少教师把高三复习等同于知识点的回顾,不注重知 识点积累和写作能力的衔接过渡。为此,我们在高三复习时 尝试以单元内容为基础,在单元复习中渗透语言运用能力训 练,最后把单元复习和高考写作相结合,来提高学生的英语 写作能力。下面,以一节借班上课的公开课为例,探讨在高 三单元复习中如何立足单元内容提升学生的写作能力。

一、教学内容分析 教学内容为NSEFC Book 8 Unit 3 Cloning。这个单元 的中心话题是克隆,具体涉及了什么是克隆、克隆的可能性、 克隆羊多莉是如何诞生的、克隆的利弊等。因此,理解这个单元需要一定的科学知识。该单元的主要语法知识是同位语 从句。

二、教学实施过程 (一)在轻松气氛中导入话题 在师生简单问候之后,教师先后抛出两个问题。

Question 1:
I hear that the students in this class are very friendly. Is it true? Question 2:
Will you make friends with me? (在得到学生的肯定回答后) T:
As we are friends now, I would like to introduce one of my friends to you. He is Mr B. He has something to tell you. (教师呈现一个简短而有趣的flash。阿B是里面的人物, 他用中文配合漫画介绍了什么是克隆)【设计说明】利用师生之间互不认识所造成的信息差, 以学生是否friendly展开话题。经过问答,学生在潜意识里 认为老师觉得他们是friendly,所以会开心地给予肯定的回 答。后面的flash形象生动,自然导入到了这个单元的话题。

(二)在语言复现中展开运用 T:
Mr B has told you something about clone. But can you tell me more about it, since we have learned it before. (给学生一两分钟的准备时间,然后让学生讲述关于克 隆的知识) T:
You really learned well. So according to what you learned, please fill in the blanks. Cloning is a way of making an e________ copy of another animal or plant. However, cloning plants d________ greatly from cloning animals. The former one is s_________, while the latter one is complicated. In 1996, there was a b_________—the cloning of Dolly.But Dolly only lived for six years, which made the scientists feel c________ down. Dolly’s appearance had a great i________ on the world. Some people suggest extinct animals be b_______ back to life by cloning. As for cloning human beings, governments are nervous and c_________. Religious leaders are worried about some m________ questions that may be raised. Some evil leaders want to a_______ their ambitions by cloning themselves. (答案:exact;

differs;

simple;

breakthrough;

cast;

impact;

brought;

conservative;

moral;

attain) (学生填完并校对后) T:
Do you want to clone yourselves, if possible? Why? (几个学生给出自己的想法) T:
You have different ideas. But if I have a chance,I will clone myself. I will show you my reasons. Look at the passage, which one in the brackets should I choose? Give your reasons. I do not (object to;

against;

opposed to) cloning myself. A clone of myself can help a lot. “He” can clean my car and keep it (in;

on) good condition when I am busy;

if I want to (join;

join in) my colleagues who are playing basketball, “he” can help to teach in the classroom, and I needn’t (pay for;

pay off) his work;

when something unexpected and dangerous (happens;

takes place), I will send my clone to deal with it. Of course I must forbid him (do;

to do) anything illegal, or “he” will be bound to (cause;

causing) trouble. 【设计说明】以上教学首先是让学生回到课本中,然后 通过讲述克隆知识和“我”的观点,既整理复习了课文知识, 又使得这些语言知识得到了运用。并在最后一步中,要求学 生说出括号中的词汇用法的区别,处理了一些比较重要词汇 的辨析。

T:
This is my opinion about cloning. Since we are friends, I want to tell you more about myself. OK?Ss:
OK. T:
Now I would like to tell you a wonderful dream I made the other day. Can you guess what I dreamt about? (学生给出各种猜测,然后教师呈现一张处理过的自己 的照片) T:
I was cloned in the dream. Now please translate the sentences and let me share the story. 1.我最喜欢的事是打篮球(what;

adore)。

2.我有一些一起打篮球的朋友(who)。

3.一天,他们告诉我将不再和我一起玩(that)。

4.我不知道他们为什么会突然不喜欢我(idea)。

5.后来,我发现是我的克隆在昨天的比赛中作弊(the truth)。6.但是我的朋友们并不相信我说的事实(the truth)。

7.我的克隆昨天做的事情让我非常难过(what)。

(参考答案:1.What I adore most is playing basketball. 2.I have some friends with whom I often play basketball together. 3.One day, they tell me that they would not play with me any longer. 4.I have no idea why they dislike me suddenly. 5.Later, I find the truth that my clone cheated in yesterday’s game. 6.But my friends do not believe the truth that I tell them. 7.What my clone did yesterday makes me very upset.) 【设计说明】在以上教学中,教师把学生的注意力慢慢 从课本转移到教师身上,但是话题没变,依然是克隆。学生 通过翻译来复习同位语从句,有利于提升学生的语法实际运 用能力。在翻译其中一些句子的时候,教师要求学生讲出是 什么从句,与其他句子有什么区别。例如,考虑到不少学生 对定语从句和同位语从句中关系词的异同感到困惑,我们要 求他们说出第3句和第5、6句中that的区别。

(三)在写作练习中提升能力T:
Unexpected things will happen when one is cloned. What unexpected things do you think may happen especially when one of these people is cloned? (幻灯片上呈现六个人的照片:毛泽东、希特勒、孔子、 爱因斯坦、刘翔以及他们的班主任) T:
Now work in groups of three, and make a short story about what may happen if one of them is cloned. Try to use the words and phrases in this unit, at least five. And pay attention to the grammatical structure. (三四分钟后,几组学生派代表把小故事讲出来) T:
Well done. You are really imaginative. Our friend Mr B introduced clone to us in Chinese at the beginning of the class. Now let’s write down something about cloning humans in English. Maybe Mr B can also learn something from us. (呈现写作题目) 近年来,世界克隆技术取得了突飞猛进的成果。克隆羊 多莉的诞生掀起了克隆研究热潮。有关克隆动物的报道接连 不断。克隆人也成为人们讨论比较多的话题。请根据下列提示,写一篇关于克隆人的文章。词数120个左右。内容要点 应包括:
1.简要介绍什么是克隆;

2.克隆人有什么利弊;

3.你认为应该如何对待克隆人技术。

作文留做作业,但教师需要给出以下两条建议:1. Use some phrases and grammatical structures, such as appositive clause. 2. Some examples can also help to express yourself better) 【设计说明】以上教学中,让学生谈论幻灯片中的人如 果被克隆会发生什么事情,这一方面是通过语言的输出复习 单元内容,另一方面是引导学生学会在写作中使用例子来表 达一些观点。最后的作文,在某种程度上是对整个单元知识 的浓缩,也是对这节课全部内容的整理提升。

三、课后反思 本节课得到了听课教师和学生的一致好评。结合听课教 师的意见和自己的体会,笔者认为,在高三单元复习中开展 立足单元内容提升学生写作能力的教学,要特别注意以下几 个方面。

(一)坚持知识与写作的结合性 高三复习不仅要关注知识,更重要的是提升学生运用知 识的能力。本节课的设计,全部是围绕最后的写作任务而展 开的。首先是话题上,本节课从导入到最后输出都是讨论克隆。其次,各个环节的设置,均为学生完成最后环节的作文 输出做了铺垫。作文要求中的三个要点,在课堂中,都以不 同形式有所涉及。

(二)坚持课本的基础性 现在有不少高三课堂重练习,轻课本。高中前两年学习, 都是基于课本的,而到了高三,却撇开课本,这是极大的浪 费。本节课,我们的整个设计过程可归纳为:引出话题→进 入课本→在情境中运用并拓展→结合写作题目提炼知识、提 升能力。其中,所设计的环节均是以课本为基础,围绕单元 话题“克隆”所展开。

(三)坚持课堂的整体性 “有效的课堂一定是既行云如水,又能环环相扣。”[2] 在现实教学中,不少教师单纯为了讲述知识生硬地引进情境, 每个情境在学生脑海里一闪而过,不能给学生留下深刻印象, 也不能调动他们的学习积极性。鉴于此,我们在设计各个环 节的时候都十分注意它们之间的衔接连贯,使每个环节、每 个情境设计之间环环相扣,过渡自然。

参考文献:
[1]中华人民共和国教育部. 普通高中英语课程标准(实 验)[S]. 北京:人民教育出版社,2003:6. [2]胡庆芳. 英语课堂教学的问题诊断与实践改进[J]. 中小学外语教学(中学篇),2008(3):8.