定语从句 英语_英语定语从句教学的二二九联动方案

英语定语从句教学的二二九联动方案

英语定语从句教学的二二九联动方案 [摘 要] 英语复合句中的定语从句是基础教育阶段中 学英语教学的必修重点和难点之一,也是该阶段各级各类英 语测试所关注的焦点和考点。英语定语从句的核心要点可归 纳为“二二九”三个层面,即两大特征、两种类型和九个引 导词。“两大特征”是它区别于名词性从句和副词性从句的 独有的外部结构特征和内在逻辑架构特征;
“两种类型”是 指定语从句可分为限制性和非限制性两类,是其明示自身功 能和地位的内在语义标签和外在句法标记;
“九个引导词” 将复杂独特的定语从句连接词定量化和定性化,从而保证其 内部语法系统运转的系统性和规范性。把握定语从句的核心 要点,采用“二二九”三位一体联动教学法,是突破英语定 语从句难关的有效方案。

英语定语从句又称形容词性从句,相对于名词性和副词 性从句而言,它是最特别、最复杂的一类从句,也是贯穿整 个中学阶段的必修英语知识要点。教育部制定的最新《义务 教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》在“语言知识分级目标” 中将“定语从句”的部分内容列为初中阶段必修的英语“语 言知识”,与此同时,与初中英语课程要求相衔接的《普通 高中英语课程标准(实验)》中将“定语从句”的全部内容 列为高中英语必修的“语言知识”要点,并在附录部分的“语法项目表”中以显著位置分类标注。因此,定语从句是中学 英语教学的重点和难点,也是该阶段各级各类英语测试所关 注的焦点和考点。英语定语从句的核心要点可归纳为三个层 面,即两大特征、两种类型和九个引导词。“两大特征”是 它区别于名词性从句和副词性从句的独有的外部结构特征 和内在逻辑架构特征;
“两种类型”是指定语从句可分为限 制性和非限制性两类,是其明示自身功能和地位的内在语义 标签和外在句法标记;
“九个引导词”将复杂独特的定语从 句连接词定性化和定量化,从而保证其内部语法系统运转的 规范化和系统化。把握定语从句的核心要点,采用“二二九” 三位一体联动教学法是突破英语定语从句难关、夯实英语必 备基本功,进而有效提升英语应用能力的整体方案。

一、两大特征 英语定语从句除具备英语复合句中所有从句的两大共 性特征(其一,都有引导词且放在从句句首;
其二,都用陈 述语序)之外,还具有自己的两大独特个性特征:
1.显著的外形结构特征 定语从句具有区别于其它从句的外形结构,即“先行词 (被修饰的名词或代词)+引导词+从句的其他部分”。如:He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man./Life is a game that we have to play and English is a language that we have to learn。在以上两例中, “he”、“game”和“language”分别是“who”和“that” 引导的定语从句所限定的先行词。

2.多维的引导词功能特征 定语从句引导词都具有“三重身份”,即连接主句和从 句、代替先行词、在从句中作相应成分(主、宾、表、定、 状语等)。如:A smile is a curve that sets everything straight./The struggle where you’re today is developing the strength that you need for tomorrow./I live in an office whose window faces northwest./Mr. Wang is no longer the man that he used to be. 在以上 四例中,“that”“where”“that”“whose”“that”等 五个引导词均拥有“三重身份”,分别在定语从句中作主语、 状语、宾语、定语和表语。此处需要说明的是,虽然同位语 从句也具备定语从句的外形结构特征,但其引导词却不具备 “三重身份”。如:The fact that he had joined the American nationality surprised everybody./The fact that I knew is a top secret.以上两例中的从句外部结构很相似,但同 位语从句中的“that”只有连接主句和从句的“单一身份”。二、两种类型 英语定语从句按其在句中的性质和功能分为限制性和 非限制性两种类型。两者的差异主要体现在以下五个方面:
1.语义差别 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切,是必需的限定成分, 语义必不可少,若被省略,则句意不完整或无意义;
非限制 性定语从句与先行词关系较离散,多为补充成分,语义可有 可无,若被省略,句意不受影响。

2.形式差别 限制性定语从句不能用逗号隔开,而非限制性定语从句 需用逗号隔开。如:I was the only person in our city who was invited to attend the international conference./Terry’s father, who is over seventy, still works day and night. 3.功能差别限制性定语从句只能修饰先行词,而非限制性定语从句 既可修饰先行词也可修饰整个主句。如:The letter, which I received the other day, is from Mr. Hunter./Jim made the same mistake again, which made his boss very angry. 4.中文译文差别 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中文译文之间存 在差别,这源于两者的功能差别。限制性定语从句在翻译成 中文时一般要译为先行词的定语,而非限制性定语从句既可 译为先行词的定语也可译为与主句并列的分句。因此,上一 段两个非限制性定语从句在翻译成中文时可分别译为:前几 天我收到的那封信是汉特先生寄的;
吉米又犯了相同的错误, 这让老板很恼火。

5.引导词差别 限制性定语从句可以使用所有的引导词,在从句中作宾 语时可以省略,而非限制性定语从句不能使用“that”引导 词,其他引导词在从句中作宾语时也不能省略。如:The academic paper (that/which) I wrote with great efforts has been published in an excellent journal./The academic paper, which I wrote three months ago, has been published.三、九个引导词 英语定语从句的引导词涵盖关系代词和关系副词两种, 用法和属性都比较复杂,但它们在数量上是有限的,在功能 上是明确的。其中关系代词共六个,即that, which, who, whom, whose, as;
关系副词共三个,即when, where, why。

九个引导词的基本功能和特殊用法如下:
1.九个引导词的基本功能 (1)that在代替先行词时既可指人又可指物,在从句 中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。如:The boy that/who is standing near the door is my son./The boy (that/whom) you saw just now is my nephew./This is the bike (that/which) I lost two years ago./Math is a subject that/which deals with numbers.(2)which在代替先行词 时只能指物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略(见 上例);
which在引导非限制性定语从句时,可代替整个主 句,如Jim made the same mistake again, which made his boss very angry.(3)who只能指人,在从句中作主语。如:
She is the girl who/that sings best in her school.(4) whom只能指人,在从句中作宾语,可省略。如:The comrade(whom/that) I came with can speak eight foreign languages。(5)whose既可指人又可指物,在从句中作定 语。如:I was born in a mountainous village whose tea is well known to China./This is the boy whose parents died when he was quite young.(6)when限定的先行词与 时间有关,在从句中作时间状语。如:I’ll never forget the day when (=on the day=on which) I first saw you. (7)where限定的先行词与地点有关,在从句中作地点状语。

如:I’ll never forget the place where(=in the place=in which) I first met you.(8)why修饰的先行词与原因有 关,在定语从句中作原因状语。如:This is the reason why (=for the reason=for which) I have been struggling. (9)as在引导限制性定语从句时,通常用于固定结构(如:
the same…as…,such…as…, as…as…等),在从句中 作主语或宾语。如:I want the same shirt as yours.我 想要一件跟你的一样的衬衫;
Such machines as were bought in our workshop are made in Germany.此时,我们应注意 “the same...as…”与“the same…that…”在语义上的 区别,前者指“同一类”,后者指“同一个”。如:This is the same book as I bought last time./This is the same book that I bought last time. 此外,as在引导非限制性 定语从句时,可代替整个主句。如:As I expected, he got the first place again in the final examination.2.九个引导词的特殊用法 (1)只用that而不用which的情况。虽然that和which 在代替先行词时都能指物,在从句中都可作主语或宾语,作 宾语时都可省略,但以下情况只用that引导:第一,先行词 是不定代词时,如all, none, one, any, few, little, much, everything, something, anything, nothing等。

如:There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it./Everything (that) I do, I do it for you./All that glitters is not gold./If you want something(that) you have never had, you must be willing to do something (that) you have never done.第二,先行词被最高级或 序数词修饰时。如:The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill./This is the best film that I have ever seen. 第三,先行词被the only, the very, the last等类似最高级或序数词的词修饰时。如:Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows./You are the very person that I’ve been looking for these years. 第四, 先行词既有人又有物时。如:In the date-back tour, we reviewed the persons and things (that) we experienced 20 years ago.(2)只用which而不用that的情况。第一, 在引导非限制性定语从句时,只用which(见上文)。第二,当介词与引导词连用,即用于“介词+关系代词”结构时。

如:This is the room in which my father lived for 60 years.(3)which与as 引导非限制性定语从句时的区别。

两者都可引导非限制性定语从句,且都可以代替整个主句, 但也有下述主要区别:第一,语义之别。as引导的从句与主 句语义一致,不用于否定结构(因为as有“如同、正如”含 义)。which引导的从句语义中性或与主句语义相反,可用 于否定结构。如:He made a long speech, as we expected./He made a long speech, which was unexpected/which was not expected./The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us all./Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all. 第二,位置之别:as从句位置可前可后,而which从句只能 置于主句之后。如:As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one’s health.= Smoking is harmful to one’s health, as is known to all.(4)由“介词+关系代词”引出的定 语从句问题。当关系代词which(指物)和whom(指人)在 定语从句中作介词的宾语时,这个介词可留在从句中原来的 位置(此时which可用that代替,whom可用who或that代替, 在从句中作宾语时可省略),也可移至关系代词之前(此时 不能用that代替,也不可省略)。如:Is this the book (which/that) you paid for 6 dollars?=Is this the book for which you paid 6 dollars?/ In the dark street,there wasn’t a single person (whom/who/that) she could turn to for help.=In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.(5) 关系副词引出的定语从句问题。第一,在when, where和why 引导的定语从句中,三个关系副词一般都可变成“介词 +which”的形式,即when=on/in which, where=in/at which, why=for which。第二,有时定语从句的先行词虽然表时间、 地点或原因,但从句句法结构不缺状语、只缺主语或宾语, 此时从句引导词不能用when, where或why,而要用that或 which。如:I’ll never forget the time (that/which) we spent together 30 years ago./Hangzhou is an attractive place that/which has a beautiful tourist resort named the West Lake./The reason(that/which) he gave is unbelievable. 第三,某些表时间的名词(the time/every time/each time/the moment等)、表地点的名 词(the place)、表原因的名词(the reason)或表方式 的名词(the way)后的关系副词(从句引导词)可省略。

如:By the time (when) he was 13 years old, he had learned advanced mathematics by himself./This is the place(where) I stayed for my first 20 years./That’ s the reason(why) he paid frequent visits to you./This is the way (how/in which) they have treated us in the past 10 years.参考文献 [1]中华人民共和国教育部.义务教育英语课程标准 (2011年版)[S].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2012. [2]中华人民共和国教育部.普通高中英语课程标准(实 验)[S].北京:人民教育出版社,2003. [3]杨修平.英语非谓语动词教学的“五层十字”方案[J]. 教师博览(科研版),2015,(6):12-14. [4]张道真.英语实用语法[M].北京:首都师范大学出版 社,2011. [5]钟邦清.新编英语实用语法大全[M].南昌:江西教育 出版社,2011.